... stops

The variable (G) contains a voiced pharyngeal stop which alternates with the standard glottal stop (Davis 1983: 18).

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

... tends

Szemere's statement refers to"the majority of the cases" and is based on his impressions about the Hungarian lexicon at a time when computerized corpora of Hungarian did not yet exist. Siptár (personal communiation) points out that words like hit 'belief', lyuk 'hole' and fül 'ear' offer counterexamples.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

... 15-16

BSI-2 was conducted in 1987. Two later versions, BSI-3 and BSI-4, followed in 1988 and 1989, with 100 informants each.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

... vowels.

The two reading passages are quoted below with the words included in the analysis underlined:

Passage 1

Jóska barátom, akinek a kabátján két lyuk is van, fölbiztatta a vele hasonszõrü srácokat, hogy irjanak hosszu dolgozatokat - hadd kinlódjanak a tanárok a javitással! Mikor már a sokadik kinlódjanak a tanárok a javitással! Mikor már a sokadik nagyon hosszu dolgozatot javitották a tanárokban fölmerült gyanu, hogy az ujabban irt dolgozatok nem véletlenül ilyen hosszuak.

'My friend Joe, whose coat has two holes in it, encouraged guys of his kind to write long essays for school so that teachers would have a hard time correcting them. When correcting the umpteenth very long paper, the suspicion arose in the teachers that it may be no accident that the essays written recently were so very long.'

Passage 5

Felmerült a gyanú, hogy a hosszúszõrû kutyák újabban bolhásak az utcánkban. - A rövidszõrûek nem bolhásak, csak a hosszúak állította az egyik szomszédom, és fölbiztatta a lakókat, hogy írjanak beadványt a tanácsnak. Írt is valaki egy papírt, de ügyetlenül fogalmazta meg, ezért megbíztak egy tanítót a beadvány kijavításával. Nem telt bele hosszú idõ és kijavitották a panaszlevelet, elküldték a tanácsnak, hogy ne kínlódjanak többé az utca lakói a bolhák miatt. 'The suspicion arose that the long-haired dogs in our street recently had became full of fleas. One of my neighbors claimed that, unlike the long-haired ones, the short-haired dogs are not flea-bitten; and he encouraged the residents to write a petition to the local council. Somebody wrote a petition but it was badly worded, so they commissioned a teacher to correct it. In a short while the complaint was rewritten and sent to the council so that residents in the street should not be bothered by the fleas any more.'

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

... program.

The algorithms of VARBRUL, originally developed for the analysis of linguistic variation by D. Sankoff (see, for example, Sankoff 1988 and the references cited there), use the maximum likelihood method to estimate the effect of many different factors on the phenomenon in question.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

... variables

The terms linguistic variable and factor are used interchangeably.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

... unit.

For instance, hosszúszõrû kutyák 'long-haired dogs' in Passage 5 was assumed to have been spoken without a pause between the two words.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

... significance.

VARBRUL results are presented by reporting the observed frequency (%) as a percentage and the probabilistic weight (p) estimated by VARBRUL as a number between 0 and 1. Probabilistic weights greater than .50 indicate that vowel shortening is favored; probabilistic weights less than .50 indicate that vowel shortening is disfavored. When the number of tokens for each variant of a factor is about the same, the average of the probabilistic weights for all the variants of a factor is .50.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

... significant.

The statistical significance of a factor depends upon the amount of variation for which it accounts divided by the number of degrees of freedom (the number of variants minus one). For factors with many variants and a large range of probabilistic weights, collapsing similar variants reduces the number of degrees of freedom, but the variation accounted for is generally not much lessened. For such factors, therefore, collapsing variants often increases the significance.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

... word.

Note that only 578 out of 646 tokens were included for this factor, since it used the same coding as the factor for following sounds. See note 4.4.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

... significant.

Only 578 out of 646 tokens were coded for this factor: in four tokens for each of the 17 speakers, the intonation unit could not be determined.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.